The decline in Japan's population could undermine the country's economic recovery unless workers perform more productively, and the new economy minister is taking aim at inefficient industries and workers. Hiroko Ota, who took office in September, faces an economy that is back on track after more than a decade in a slump. Japan's big structural problems have mostly been fixed: The banks have cleaned up their bad loans, and prices have stopped falling. Japan's economy grew at an average of more than 2% a year from 2003 through 2005, and it is expected to grow another 2% or so a year in 2006 and 2007.
But long-term challenges remain. Japan's huge national debt amounts to 175% of gross domestic product, compared with 64% in the U.S. Cutting the debt gets harder with a falling population because Japan has fewer tax-paying workers. If production per worker increases more slowly than the numbrer of workers falls, overall economic production will fall. Japan, like mature economies in Europe, is engaged in a major rethinking of its economy - including how to pare down welfare states along with job and market protections introduced during the years after World War 11. These changes now are seen as barriers to growth.
Ms. Ota sees the growth of neighboring economies as a key to growth in Japan. Japan's exports of machine tools make it one of the few countries to generate a trade surplus with China. Japan is aiming to negotiate a trade agreement with all Southeast Asian nations by next year. Asian growth is a new possibility for Japan.