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Greenspan Indicates Fed To Continue Raising Rates
Private Social Security Accounts Are Given Cautious Endorsement
A WALL STREET JOURNAL ONLINE NEWS ROUNDUP
February 16, 2005 2:14 p.m.
WASHINGTON -- Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan indicated that the U.S. central bank will continue to raise interest rates gradually, telling Congress that the economic expansion rolled into the new year at a respectable pace and that inflation remains under control.
In prepared testimony on the Fed's semiannual report on monetary policy to the Senate Banking Committee, Mr. Greenspan said conditions underlying U.S. economic growth improved over the past half year, with consumer spending remaining strong and business confidence improving.
"All told, the economy seems to have entered 2005 expanding at a reasonably good pace, with inflation and inflation expectations well-anchored," Mr. Greenspan said in his prepared remarks. "On the whole, financial markets appear to share this view."
Under such circumstances, the Fed has opted to slowly raise its key federal-funds rate, charged on overnight loans between banks, toward a more neutral level that neither restrains nor stimulates economic growth. It has raised rates by a quarter percentage point at each of its last six meetings, bringing the federal-funds rate to 2.50%.
But rates remain low, Mr. Greenspan said. "The cumulative removal of policy accommodation to date has significantly raised measures of the real federal funds rate, but by most measures, it remains fairly low."
The level of inflation in coming months will shape whether policy makers speed up or slow down their rate-tightening campaign, Mr. Greenspan suggested. Policy makers will be watching whether companies, amid slowing productivity growth, boost workers' salaries and then pass along those higher costs onto customers, the Fed chief said.
"Going forward, the implications for inflation will be influenced by the extent and persistence of any slowdown in productivity," Mr. Greenspan said, while pointing out that productivity trends are difficult to forecast.
The inflation outlook also will be shaped by the direction of oil prices, which rose sharply in 2004, and the value of the dollar, which has been falling over the last few years. The Fed chairman repeated his argument that foreign exporters have responded to the weakening U.S. dollar by choosing tighter profit margins over raising prices, a trend that probably can't long continue.
The overall effect of the rise in oil prices over the past year has been "modest," although it has hit some sectors of the economy more than others, Mr. Greenspan said.
Spending Robust, Saving Lean
U.S. consumer spending has been "well maintained," buoyed by growth in disposable income and gains in net worth, particularly through rising home values and low interest rates, Mr. Greenspan said. But consumers are saving much less, an average of just 1% of income, compared with the 7% average of the previous three decades, he noted.
However, rising home values and stock markets have outpaced the increase in household debt, bringing the ratio of household net worth to income above historical averages, Mr. Greenspan said, adding that a reversal in that trend could prompt Americans to save more.
It is critical for the U.S. to increase national savings to prepare for the rising retirement and health-care costs of the baby-boomer generation, Mr. Greenspan said. Although long-bond rates are now puzzlingly low, he said rates could climb sharply if the problem isn't addressed.
"This is especially the case because longer-term problems, if not addressed, could begin to affect longer-dated debt issues, the value of which is based partly on expectations of developments many years in the future," Mr. Greenspan said.
Business executives are becoming gradually more confident, boosting capital spending and corporate borrowing, he said. Financial markets appear "very confident about the future and, judging by the exceptionally low level of risk spreads in credit markets, quite willing to bear risk," Mr. Greenspan said.
The disparity in sentiment between business executives and financial markets may reflect additional concerns of businesses about potential legal liabilities from reform measures like the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation rather than a fundamentally different assessment of economic risks, he added.
Shoring Up Social Security
Mr. Greenspan repeated his call to Congress to take action to shore up the massive entitlement programs of Social Security and Medicare. Those programs face large financial strains with the looming retirement of 78 million baby boomers beginning in 2008.
"Benefits promised to a burgeoning retirement-age population under mandatory entitlement programs, most notably Social Security and Medicare, threaten to strain the resources of the working-age population in the years ahead," Mr. Greenspan said. "Real progress on these issues will unavoidably entail many difficult choices. But the demographics are inexorable and call for action."
During opening questioning by the Senate panel, Mr. Greenspan offered a cautious endorsement of personal accounts, saying it is unclear how financial markets would respond to this type of "forced savings."
New government borrowing needed to make the transition to these personal accounts could make bond-market conditions more difficult if the markets see it as an unfunded liability adding to the long-term national debt figure, rather than part of a long-term process to bring the national debt down, he said.
Mr. Greenspan said "in general" it's wrong to make policies that add to the government's budget deficit, but the partial transformation of Social Security to personal accounts is "one of the very rare cases" where increased deficits may not decrease national savings. But he acknowledged such a transformation would technically shift savings from the government to the private sector. The Fed chairman said he is still trying to get a sense of how the financial markets would interpret the effect on national savings.