Wow, this thread really took off this weekend. Must have been a slow one.
jpcavin, using the values ($40,000 - $20,000) / $20,000 = 100% / 5 years = 20% / year is an average return assuming the $20,000 was deposited in your TSP account when you started working and you contributed nothing since. That's what I did at first when I saw the numbers but it's not realistic. That's why I set up the spreadsheet to assume the total contributions were evenly divided over every pay period. It's a more realistic approximation and gives you a better return, 28.78% instead of 20% for this example. A still better approximation is to assume a steadily increasing contribution like the calculator on the TSP site lets you do but then the computations get even more complicated.
In your case, with only 5 years service, you probably still have your annual returns for all five years. The most accurate value is just to compute an average or annualized return from those numbers. For old timers like me who no longer have records of the early years, we have to use approximations.
Boghie, that's a good point. I don't know if the Agency Matching is included in our Lifetime TSP Contributions, or not, but comparing this years statement to last years should tell us. A bigger question is should it be? If it is included, nothing changes. If I made X% I made X% regardless how much I put in there. If the matching is not included and I contribute 5% then I make a 100% return every payday just from the matching. This get's complicated fast, but then I'm just trying to come up with a better approximation for those of us without records from the early years. Hopefully this was a first step.
You are right that we don't necessarily want to start the clock when we started working for the government. When I started I had to wait six months before I was allowed to particiapte in TSP. In your case, I wouldn't start until you started contributing. A really complicated issue would be breaks in service or people who only work part of the year (seasonal). You can't use the year you started because you aren't contributing for the entire time. You can't use your service comp date because you are earning gains on the balance when you aren't working. What do you do? I don't know. It's all an approximation so I gues you can compute it both ways and chose a value inbeween.
Your example with the S&P500 values don't work because there are no contributions. Essencially what you did was buy a share of S&P500 for $666 and about 5 years later it was worth $1848. That comes out to a gain of about 177% and an annualized return of 22.6%.